Sri Lanka’s civilisation dates back to the 3rd century BCE, marked by the introduction of Buddhism by Mahinda Thera, the son of Emperor Ashoka of India. This event laid the foundation for the island’s first ancient kingdom, Anuradhapura, and established Buddhism as a cornerstone of Sinhalese culture. The religion not only shaped the spiritual life of the people but also played a pivotal role in advancing literacy and civilization. Remarkably, Sri Lanka was the first place where the oral teachings of Lord Buddha, known as the Tripitaka, were transcribed into written form in Pali—a language that significantly influenced the development of Sinhala.
The cultural legacy of ancient Sri Lanka is evident in its architectural marvels and historical sites. Visitors can explore the grand stupas of Anuradhapura and the ruins of Buddhist monasteries like Ritigala and Kaludiya Pokuna. The Dambulla Cave Temple, over 2,000 years old, showcases exquisite ceiling murals, while Sigiriya Rock Fortress, an engineering masterpiece from the 5th century CE, offers breathtaking views and insights into ancient ingenuity. The medieval period adds further allure with landmarks such as Polonnaruwa’s well-preserved ruins, Yapahuwa’s unique architecture, and Kandy’s revered Temple of the Tooth, which houses a sacred relic believed to be a tooth of Lord Buddha.
In later centuries, Sri Lanka’s culture was enriched by interactions with Arab traders and European colonizers. These influences introduced new religions, languages, traditions, and culinary practices. Coastal forts built by the Portuguese and later fortified by the Dutch in the 17th century are prominent historical landmarks. Notable examples include those in Colombo, along the east coast, and at Galle—a UNESCO World Heritage Site. European settlers also brought Christianity to the island, leaving behind historic churches in cities like Colombo, Negombo, and Jaffna.
The British era in Sri Lanka began in the mid-19th century and brought transformative changes. Tea cultivation was introduced, giving rise to Sri Lanka’s globally renowned tea industry and reshaping the hill country landscape. The British also established a railway network to transport tea to Colombo’s port—today celebrated as one of the world’s most scenic train journeys.
Modern Sri Lanka is a vibrant mosaic of diverse religions and traditions that reflect its complex heritage. This multiculturalism can be experienced on tours such as Colombo’s Slave Island Walking Tour, which highlights the city’s rich cultural influences. The capital itself is a dynamic blend of modern architecture, international brands, and global cuisines—a testament to Sri Lanka’s evolution as a contemporary destination with deep historical roots.
